ADHDgene Database

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Large-scale studies

Data Summary

Published Variant
- SNP: 1391
- CNV: 398
- Others: 173
Published Gene: 359
Published Region: 128
Pathway by PBA: 8
Study: 361

Study Report

Basic Info

Reference	Shim, S. H., 201222658982
Citation	Shim S. H., Hwangbo Y., Kwon Y. J., Lee H. Y., Kim J. H., Yoon H. K., Hwang J. A. and Kim Y. K. (2012) "Association between glycogen synthase kinase-3beta gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children: a preliminary study." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 39(1): 57-61.
Study Design	case-control
Study Type	Candidate-gene association study
Sample Size	103 children with ADHD and 173 healthy children
Predominant Ethnicity	Mongloid
Population	Korean
Gender	81 male and 22 female cases, 82 male and 91 female controls
Age Group	Children/Adolescents : 5-14 years, mean age=8.91 (SD=0.23) years of cases, 7-12 years, mean age=9.54 (SD=0.10) years of controls

Detail Info

Summary	We investigated the association between -1727A/T and -50T/C SNPs of GSK-3beta gene with ADHD. All ADHD subjects completed a comprehensive and standardized diagnostic test and psychological evaluation battery, including the parents' Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ARS). The genotype and allele frequencies of 103 ADHD patients and 173 normal controls were analyzed for -1727A/T and -50T/C SNPs of GSK-3beta gene. There were statistically significant differences in the genotype distributions of the -1727A/T SNP of GSK-3beta gene between the ADHD group and the control group. The frequency of the genotype AT was significantly higher in the ADHD patients. Concerning the haplotype, there was a significant difference in the A-C haplotype frequency between the two samples. However, no differences in either the genotype distribution or in allele frequencies of -50C/T were observed between the two samples. In the parents version of K-ARS of all subjects, ANCOVA revealed that two subscales and the total score were significantly higher in the subjects with AT+TT genotypes than those with AA genotype after adjusting for age and gender. The odds ratio for the ADHD patients was 1.79, comparing the AT genotype group with the AA genotype group. Therefore, genotype AT is associated with a higher risk of ADHD.
Total Sample	The present study included 103 children with ADHD, consisting of 81 boys and 22 girls. Individuals with a full-scale IQ of lower than 70, neurological disorders, seizure disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, tic disorders, bipolar mood disorders, or psychotic disorders were excluded. All ADHD subjects were drug-naive at the time of recruitment, and ADHD tests (including the CPT) were administered before treatment with medication.
Sample Collection	All subjects have visited the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital in Korea and agreed to participate in the study.
Diagnosis Description	The diagnostic assessments of psychiatric disorders, including ADHD, were carried out according to the DSM-IV criteria, with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School- Age Children-Present (K-SADS-PL-K), and the Lifetime-Korean Version (K-SADS-PL-K) used for ADHD subjects.
Technique	genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Analysis Method	The presence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested by ¦Ö2-test for goodness of fit. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between groups by ¦Ö2 tests. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 14.0 for Windows.
Result Description	There were statistically significant differences in the genotype distributions of the -1727A/T SNP of GSK-3beta gene between the ADHD group and the control group. The frequency of the genotype AT was significantly higher in the ADHD patients. Concerning the haplotype, there was a significant difference in the A-C haplotype frequency between the two samples. However, no differences in either the genotype distribution or in allele frequencies of -50C/T were observed between the two samples. In the parents version of K-ARS of all subjects, ANCOVA revealed that two subscales and the total score were significantly higher in the subjects with AT+TT genotypes than those with AA genotype after adjusting for age and gender. The odds ratio for the ADHD patients was 1.79, comparing the AT genotype group with the AA genotype group. Therefore, genotype AT is associated with a higher risk of ADHD. Our results suggest that the -1727A/T SNP of GSK-3beta gene may affect susceptibility in ADHD. Further investigation with a larger number of subjects is needed to validate this finding.

Other variant reported by this study (count: 2)

Variant Name	Allele Change	Risk Allele	Statistical Values	Author Comments	Result of Statistical Analysis
GSK3B -50C/T	C/T		CC genotypic P-value=0.748, OR=1.10, 95% CI=0.61-1.99; TT ge...... CC genotypic P-value=0.748, OR=1.10, 95% CI=0.61-1.99; TT genotypic P-value-0.491, OR=1.32, 95% CI=0.60-2.94; P-value=0.521, OR=1.13, 95% CI=0.78-1.64 More...	no statistically significant association between ADHD and genotype or allele frequencies after adjusting for gender and age.	Non-significant
GSK3B -1727A/T	A/T		AT genotypic P-value=0.048, OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.01-3.17; TT ge...... AT genotypic P-value=0.048, OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.01-3.17; TT genotypic P-value-0.971, OR=1.03, 95% CI=0.21-4.98; P-value=0.116, OR=1.47, 95% CI=0.91-2.37 More...	genotype AT is associated with a higher risk of ADHD.	Significant

Genes reported by this study (count: 1)