| Summary |
They examined other disorders frequently associated with alcoholism or those believed to involve defects in dopaminergic neurotransmission in ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Among all known controls (n=314), 77 (24.5%) carried the A1 allele. Of the 69 controls known not to be alcoholics, 10 (14.5%) carried the A1 allele. The prevalence of the A1 allele was significantly increased in patients with Tourette's syndrome (44.9%, n = 147), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (46.2%, n = 104), autism (54.5%, n = 33), alcoholism (42.3%, n = 104), and posttraumatic stress disorder (45.7%, n=35). After correction for multiple comparisons (requiring P<.0009 for significance), all remained significant except posttraumatic stress disorder. The prevalence of the A1 allele was not significantly increased in patients with depression, panic attacks, Parkinson's disease, or obesity. The prevalence of the A1 allele in drug addiction and schizophrenia was only significant when compared with that of controls who were not alcoholics, and no correction was made for multiple comparisons. |
| Total Sample |
All patients with TS (n=147) or ADHD (n=104) were obtained from the Tourette Syndrome Clinic at the City of Hope National Medical Center. The 85 first-degree relatives consisted of parents (n=81) and siblings (n=4) of TS probands. The estimate of the prevalence of the A1 allele in controls was based on nine different control groups. Among all known controls (n=314), 77 (24.5%) carried the A1 allele. Of the 69 controls known not to be alcoholics, 10 (14.5%) carried the A1 allele. |
| Sample Collection |
All patients with TS (n=147) or ADHD (n=104) were obtained from the Thurette Syndrome Clinic at the City of Hope National Medical Center. |
| Diagnosis Description |
The diagnostic criteria for these subjects are given in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition. |
| Technique |
Escherichia coli, strain LE392, was the host for large-scale preparation of the phage by the plate lysis procedure. The phages were purified using LambdaSorb (Promega, Madison, Wis) following the instructions provided by the manufacturer. BamHI digests of the phage were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gels (FMC, BioProducts, Rockland, Maine) and the band corresponding to the 1500-bp segment was excised, purified using Geneclean (Bio101, La Jolla, Calif), and labeled with 32p by random priming (Boehringer Mannheim Kit). |
| Analysis Method |
They used chi-square analysis to test homogeneity of A1 allele proportions among the nine control groups and showed no statistically significant differences at P=0.05. To correct for the 11 different groups examined, a significance level of .0009 was used, ie, .05/55, where 55 is the total number of pairwise comparisons among 11 groups by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons procedure. |
| Result Description |
After correction for multiple comparisons (requiring P<.0009 for significance), all remained significant except posttraumatic stress disorder. The prevalence of the A1 allele was not significantly increased in patients with depression, panic attacks, Parkinson's disease, or obesity. The prevalence of the A1 allele in drug addiction and schizophrenia was only significant when compared with that of controls who were not alcoholics, and no correction was made for multiple comparisons. |
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